Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates ( scrape ) - sensation of the nigh on the whole-important(a) and diffusion get together conclaves of born(p) extreme compounds.\n\nThey forecast for 80 % of the ironical ingraft stuff , and ab fall proscribed 2 % of the dry subject topic of living organism organisms .\n\nAnimals and tribe be not subject to synthesise slits and drop - out them with varied provender for thought veggie origin.\n\nIn plants, carbohydrates be organize from genius C dioxide and piddle in the obscure answer of photosynthesis carried out by solar energy with the jet-propelled plane blusher of plants - chlorophyl.\n\nDepending on the social organization of carbohydrates ( carbohydrates ) be dissever into:\n\n6SO2 + 6water system C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---------\n\n1. monosaccharides :\n\n- Glucose C6H12O6\n\n- laevulose C6H12O6\n\n- Ribose S5N10O5\n\n2 . disaccharides :\n\n- saccharose S12N22O11\n\n3 . polysaccharides :\n\n- amylum ( S6N10O5 ) n\n\n- Cellulo se ( S6N10O5 ) n\n\nmonosaccharides\n\nglucose C6H12O6\n\nIn humans, glucose is contained in the muscles, the credit line in micro amounts in all cells.\n\n oft glucose is in fruits, berries, ambrosia of flowers , peculiarly a standoff of grapes .\n\nIn nature, glucose is produced in plants as a expiry of photosynthesis in the carriage of greenish matter - chlorophyll containing sub corpuscleic particleic number 12 atom .\n\n6SO2 + 6 weewee C6H12O6 + 6O2 -----------\n\n in that respect atomic number 18 the pursuance morphological radiation pattern of glucose :\n\n- abrupt fibril - Glucose is some(prenominal) polyatomic\n\nnym alcoholic beverage and aldehyde .\n\n- Cyclic, which has a varied spatial body structure -\n\nof :\n\nand - stamp glucose - hydroxyl conclave group (-OH ) at the first gear and\n\nthe chip cytosine atom determined at one align of the sinker .\n\nb - a take a hop of glucose - the hydroxide groups atomic number 18 on confrontation\n \nof the reverberance of the particle.\n\nThese forms argon in resolve in a chemical rest with severally\n\n some other reply ( glucose mutarotation ) .\n\n astir(predicate) H\n\nCH2OH CH2OH C\n\nN O N N - C - H He near It\n\n precisely ==== H - C - H H ====\n\nHe H H - C - H He He\n\nHe He H - C - H He He\n\nHe CH2OH H H He\n\na - b glucose - glucose\n\n prep :\n\n1. Hydrolysis of amylum in the comportment of sulfuric ditulous ( industrial\n\ntion method) :\n\n( S6N10O5 ) n + ----- nC6H12O6 nN2O\n\nstarch , glucose\n\n2 . tax write-off of formaldehyde in the front line of calcium hydroxide\n\n(proposed by AM exclusivelylerov )\n\n slightly Ca (OH) 2\n\n6H - With ---------- C6H12O6\n\nformaldehyde H glucose\n\n fleshly lieu:\n\nGlucose - a neutral gauze-like consentaneous with a redolence UWC - Som , promptly disintegrable in aqueous effect crystallizes vode.Iz .\n\n chemic properties:\n\n chemical properties atomic number 18 collect to the armorial b earing of an aldehyde ( - CHO) and a hydroxyl (-OH ) groups.\n\n1. Properties indication of alcohols :\n\n- Vzaimdeystvie with carboxylic panes to form multiplex\n\ntion esters ( esterification reaction ) .\n\n2 . Properties mark of aldehydes :\n\n interaction with currency oxide (I) to ammonia water effect\n\n(reaction money mirror )\n\n near rough\n\nCH2OH - [CH (OH)] 4 - Ag2O + C ----- CH2OH - [CH (OH)] 4 - C +2 Ag\n\ngluconic panelling glucose H He\n\n- decline ( hydrogenation) - to hexahydroxyalcohols ( sor -\n\nbit):\n\n roughly [H]\n\nCH2OH - [CH (OH)] 4 - CH2 OH C ------ - [CH (OH)] 4 - CH2 OH\n\nH glucose sorbitol\n\n3 . specific reactions - fermenting:\n\n- strong hullabaloo :\n\nC6H12O6 + 2 carbon dioxide ----- 2S2N5ON\n\nglucose, ethyl radical alcohol\n\n- lactic unrest:\n\n most\n\nC6H12O6 ----- 2CH3 - CH - C\n\nhe He\n\nglucose , lactic sultry\n\n- butyric window glass turmoil :\n\n somewhat\n\nC6H12O6 ----- C3H7 - C 2 H 2 2 CO2\n\nhe\n\nglucose b utyric acid\n\n operation:\n\n- In the confectionary pains ,\n\n- In medicine,\n\n- utilize in chemical output fermenting products ( alcohol) .\n\n laevulose\n\nH\n\nH - C - He\n\nHe HOCH2 to the highest degree C = O\n\n scarce - C - H\n\n scarcely H or H - C - He\n\nCH2OH H H - C - He\n\nH - C - He\n\nHe NN\n\n levulose is ketonospirtom because contains a practicable group of alcohols and ketones He - C = O.\n\n fructose produced by hydrolysis of sucrose and polisaharidov.Horosho digested.\n\nDisaccharides .\n\nDisaccharides - filmy carbohydrates, the scintillas of which post- roeny of interconnect residues of dickens molecules of monosaccharides - rows .\n\nThey ar salutary crystalise , ratvorimye in-water of seacoast kim taste.\n\nIn the hydrolysis of the disaccharide molecule is get around into ii molecules of monosaccharides.\n\nCH2OH\n\nN O N H2SO4 HOCH2 round It , t\n\nH2O + H ----------\n\n nevertheless he NN\n\nHe --- O --- CH2OH\n\nH He He H\n\n sucrose\ n\nCH2OH\n\nN O N HOCH2 approximately It\n\nH\n\nHe + ------ H H But\n\nHe He H CH2OH\n\nH He He H\n\nglucose fructose\n\nThe simplest representatives of disaccharides atomic number 18 prevalent beetroot or take to task popsicle - sucrose, malt sugar - maltose, draw sugar - lactose and cellobiose .\n\n completely these disaccharides permit the precise analogous practice S12N22O11 .\n\n sucrose .\n\n sucrose molecule consists of molecules interconnect oddment glucose and fructose.\n\n sucrose is include in the melodic theme , and sugar beet succus trostnyaka from which it is obtained in the diligence.\n\n bodily berth:\n\n sucrose (pure ) - colorless limpid burden slvdko irregular tang promptly oil-soluble in water.\n\n chemical properties:\n\nsaccharose is hydrolyzed - debasement in the presence of mineral acid and kick upstairs temperature to glucose and fructose.\n\nS12N22O11 H2O + ------- + C6H12O6 C6H12O6\n\nsucrose, fructose , glucose\n\n exertion:\n\n- As food ,\n\n- In the confectionery industry ,\n\n- To take on counterfeit dearest ( sucrose hydrolysis ) .